Mutual Fund Performance - 714 Words

Case a) US Mutual Fund Performance Maastricht University | | | | School of Business amp; Economics | | | | Place amp; date: | Maastricht, 5th December 2013 | | | | Name, initials: | Mà ¼ller-Wilmes, VEMCroughs, ZWFWang, WCGerdsen, BHARack, MD | | For assessor only | | ID number: | I6076025I6075042I6117368I6075829I6064576 | | 1. Content | | Study: | International Business Economics | | 2. Language structure | | Course code: | EBC | | 3. Language accuracy | | Group number: | 1 | | 4. Language: Format amp; citing/referencing | | Writing tutor name: | Mike Langen | | Overall: | | Writing assignment: | | | Advisory grade | | | | | Assessor’s initials | | Your UM email address:†¦show more content†¦ct on Market Efficiency, Investment advice considering the impact of costs (Jessica/Miro) Hot hand effect Survivorship bias Appendix Single Factor model E(rpassive) – rf = ÃŽ ±+ÃŽ ² RMarket+ ÃŽ µ R = E - rf Passive | Excess Return | Standard Deviation | Alpha | Market | R2adj | SSGA Samp;P 500 index | 1,0 | | 0,07 | 1,00 | 0,95 | FIDELITY Spartan index fund | | | 0,04 | 1,01 | 0,94 | DREYFUS Samp;P 500 index fund | | | -0,02 | 1,01 | 0,95 | VANGUARD 500 index funds | | | 0,00 | 1,01 | 0,95 | BGI index funds | | | 0,09 | 1,01 | 0,95 | All funds | 1,17 | 3,10 | 0,00 | 1,01 | 0,95 | E(ractive) – rf = ÃŽ ±+ÃŽ ² RMarket+ ÃŽ µ R = E - rf Active | Excess Return | Standard Deviation | Alpha | Market | R2adj | Aggressive growth | 1,07 | 4,87 | -0,31 | 1.18 | 0,74 | Growth | 1,01 | 3,65 | -0.17 | 1,02 | 0,96 | Income | 0,95 | 2,61 | 0,06 | 0,76 | 0,94 | Growthincome | 0,97 | 3,06 | -0,08 | 0,90 | 0,99 | Small cap | 1,14 | 4,32 | -0,05 | 1,02 | 0,68 | All funds | 1,03 | 3,65 | -0,11 | 0,98 | 0,92 | (1) Alpha tested for 0 and Market tested for 1 insignificant (2) At 10% significant, at 5% significant, at 1% significant Multifactor model E(rpassive)-rf = ÃŽ ±+ÃŽ ²Market RMarket+ÃŽ ²SMB E(rSMB)+ÃŽ ²HMLE(rHML)+ ÃŽ ²MOME(rMOM)+ÃŽ µ R = E - rf Passive | Excess Return | Standard Deviation | Alpha | Market | SMB | HML | MOM | R2adj | All funds | 1,17 | 3,10 | 0,06 | 1,01 | -0,26 | -0,01 | -0,03 | 0,99 | E(ractive)-rfShow MoreRelatedPerformance Of Islamic Mutual Funds1773 Words   |  8 PagesThis particular section provides an overall comparison of performance of Islamic Mutual Funds, which is important to consider empirically especially taking into consideration the fact that the Islamic indexes provide different estimations for the performance of these mutual funds, particularly during bullish and bearish periods. What is more important, the results of the current section appear to be the same compared to the related studies devoting themselves to considering the aforementioned questionRead MorePerformance Evaluation of Finnish Mutual Funds6338 Words   |  26 PagesPerformance Evaluation of Finnish Mutual Funds 2014 TABLE OF CONTENT 1! ABSTRACT ............................................................................................... 1! 2! INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 2! 2.1.! Purpose ................................................................................................................. 2! 3! THE FINNISH FUND MARKET ...........................................Read MoreMutual Fund Performance in Bull and Bear Market: The Case of Pakistani Mutual Fund2280 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 2 Overview of the Mutual Funds in Pakistan 2.1 History of Mutual Fund There are main two types of mutual funds are available open end and closed end funds for the Pakistani investors. Close End mutual funds are traded in stock exchange, directly every investor can buy or sell these funds in the stock market. Prices of these funds are determined on the basis of demand and supply of the shares rather than net assets value in case of closed end mutual funds. In 1962, Government ofRead MoreThai Mutual Fund Performance Skill or Luck7969 Words   |  32 Pagesset on Thai open-end domestic equity funds over the June 2000 to October 2007 period. We apply a Bootstrap methodology to distinguish between â€Å"skill† and â€Å"luck† for the individual funds. A Bootstrap approach is necessary because the nonnormal distributions of individual fund alphas. This study points to the existence of genuine stock-picking skill among the top performing Thai equity mutual funds, performance which is not solely due to good luck. At the bottom fund, our analysis strongly rejects theRead MorePerformance and Risk Indicators of Two Mutual Fund Managers953 Words   |  4 Pagesthe performance and risk indicators of two mutual fund managers. After transforming the returns of the mutual funds into the same data-scale with the other variables, we employ a statistically rigorous factor analysis procedure to identify the risk-adjusted performance of ea ch mutual fund. Then, we apply Chow(1960) tests to investigate possible investment strategy similarities and potential structural breakpoints. 2. Modelling and Analysis The first model used to evaluate risk-adjusted fund performanceRead MoreMutual Fund Cash Flows and Stock Market Performance1914 Words   |  8 PagesMutual Fund Cash Flows and Stock Market Performance* During the decade of the 1990’s through the year 2001 there were some major shifts in the deployment of investment assets. Based on a variety of measures, mutual funds grew dramatically as vehicles for investing in portfolios of stock. Specifically net cash flows into equity funds grew from $13 billion in 1990 to $310 billion in the year 2000.1 During that same period the number of equity funds rose from 1,100 to 4,395, while the numberRead MoreA Study on the Performance Analysis of Mutual Fund of Six Different Companies11006 Words   |  45 PagesA STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SIX MUTUAL FUNDS OF SIX DIFFERENT COMPANIES Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Commerce of Christ College(Autonomous) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to Finance Finance is a field that studies and addresses the ways in which individuals, businesses, and organizations raise, allocate, and use monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailedRead MoreSummer Internship Report on Mutual Fund : Performance Evolution Marketing20554 Words   |  83 PagesSUMMER TRAINING REPORT On Mutual Fund: Performance evolution Marketing Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the two year Post Graduate Programme (PGP). Submitted by BIBHUTI JHA Roll No: PGS20090080 Batch: 2009-2011 IILM Institute for Higher Education Under The guidance of Mr. Sunil Sharma Branch Manager Aditya Birla Money Mart Ltd, Faridabad TABLE OF CONTENTS S. NO | PARTICULARSRead MoreHypothesis: Ho: closed ended mutual funds are showing good performances in the Pakistani stock600 Words   |  3 PagesHypothesis: Ho: closed ended mutual funds are showing good performances in the Pakistani stock market compared with KSE 100 index. H1: closed end mutual fund performance are not in the Pakistani stock market, compared with KSE 100 index. Methodology: Data and sample collection: The sample is taken from the narrow range of closed ended mutual funds and the period used to collect data is from July 2009 to June 2013 and the benchmark that we’ve used is KSE 100 index. Five ratios have been used to analyzeRead MoreThe Influence Of Ownership Structure And Determinants On The Performance Of Open End Mutual Funds In Hong Kong?1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe data used to compile this report is retrieved from the Hong Kong Investment Fund Association (HK IFA), the Securities and Futures Association of Hong Kong, the Hang Seng Index and the Hang Seng China Entreprise Index. The sample size drawn from Hong Kong Investment Fund Association is 200 mutual fund companies although the HK IFA provides over 1000 companies. The data is assessed to establish the influence of ownership structure and determinants This report applies the Jensen Alpha, Fama and

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn And The Awakening

Name Instructor Corse Date Realism In the century America, there were changes in the society and politics resulting from the expansion to the westward as well as the civil wars. Artists in America turned to reality and regionalism as a way to bring their concerns during that time. Their concerns included the widening gap in social classes where there were class struggles among those of the working class as well as the middle class who were brought down socially. These artists wrote down these transfo0rmations brought out in the nation by creating removed, impartial status of everyday life. In a bid to bring readers to be fascinated by their stories and to depict their character and the reader’s setting to life, Mark Twain in the adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the awakening by Kate Chopin used regionalism and in the same way, Henry James showed the reality of life in his story Daisy Miller. Mark Twain together with Kate Chopin were experts in crea6ting a regionalism-based America.Regionalism,not forgetting refers to words that concentrate wholly on specific features which are not common of a certain region including the peoples way of life, the speech of the people, the land sloping, the history as well as the characters. It focuses on both the formal and the informal creating analyses on the way other people view other people as well as other communities as they live and how there. The narrator is important in this regional-based fiction since he or she deservesShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1310 Words   |  6 PagesSarah Jane Reshetiloff Mr. O’Hearn Honors British Literature 26 September 2015 Social Satire in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a masterful social satire that demonstrates the awakening of a young, adventurous boy living in a culture of slavery. 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Mark1341 Words   |  6 Pagesglobal fame because of his travel narratives, such as The Innocents Abroad of the year 1869, Roughing It of the year 1872, and Life on the Mississippi of 1883. He is also famous for his boyhood adventure stories, particularly The Adventures of Tom Sawyer of the year 1876 and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn of 1885. He was known to be a distinctive humorist, and irascible moralist, and a gifted raconteur. Before independence, America was marked by cultural and religious differences among small coloniesRead MoreThe Importance Of Euphemism In Huckleberry Finn1497 Words   |  6 Pagesargument is to leave the novel intact and utilize it as a teachable moment for all teachers and students included. Because Huckleberry Finn is a novel that still arouses controversy evidently it handles issues that as a society we have not been able to overcome. Huckleberry Finn in its raw form is the epitome of a controversial work that arouses discussion. Huckleberry Finn with the message it conveys and the history that it drags through utilizing one word demonstrates the harsh realities that asRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain880 Words   |  4 PagesTwain‘s The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a wonderful illustration of the picaresque nineteen century American novel. The author portrays the world and spirit of the South through the eyes and the journey of a young boy, Huck, and his friends Jim, and Tom. From the beginning, three themes friendship, conflict between society and natural life, and escape, emerge and are developed throughout the novel. Friendship underlines the entire book as the hero is essentially an orphan, Huckleberry Finn. HuckRead MoreMorality and Mark Twain670 Words   |  3 Pages Mark Twain states that â€Å"Morals are an acquirement, like music, like a foreign language, like piety, poker, paralysis, no man is born with them.† The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn focuses on the main character, Huckleberry Finn, and his journey down the Mississippi River with a runaway slave name Jim. Huck Finn grows up in a society that deforms and manipulates his conscience, but Jim is able to awakes his sound heart and influence his morality. Throughout the tale, Huck faces conflicts that attackRead MoreHuckleberry Finn2439 Words   |  10 Pages The novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was written by Mark Twain and published on December 10, 1884. This picaresque novel takes place in the mid-1800s in St. Petersburg,  Missouri and various locations along the Mississippi River through Arkansas as the story continues. The main character is young delinquent boy named Huckleberry Finn. 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Using Heart of Darkness, show how the significance of its title is developed through the author’s use of devices such as contrast, repetition, allusion, and point of view. Behind The Name Heart of Darkness The heart of darkness in the title Heart

Discuss Marxist’ Theory of Alienation Free Essays

OUTLINE AND ASSESS MARX’S CONCEPT OF ALIENATION When considering the concept of sociology and its definition, one immediately thinks of trying to understand the world in which we live. However, for Karl Marx we should not only understand the world, but also seek to actively change it (Macintosh, 1997). The concept of alienation differs in terms of its sociological meaning in relation to that of the psychological definition and has been used to describe many other phenomena’s over the last four centuries. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss Marxist’ Theory of Alienation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The aim of this essay is to assess the concept of alienation according to Karl Marx and explore his theory relating to four differing perspectives assigned to this, whilst also researching its historical roots and any relevance in today’s society. The concept of alienation in relation to sociology was developed by Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German philosopher, political economist, revolutionary and the founding father of Communism. His ideas for this theory originated in the writings of Feuerbach, who along with George W. F Hegel, were major influences on Marx. However, unlike Feuerbach, who believed that religion had a negative impact on human experience and that man was alienated from god, Marx considered man to be alienated from man in a social context. Indeed, Marx criticised Feuerbach’s work entitled ‘The Essence of Christianity’, which was published in 1841 for not developing the concept of alienation further by linking it to economic production strategies. In it, Feuerbach insists that visions of god being similar to their own image allow for them to alienate themselves from this fictionally created character. Therefore, issues regarding low self esteem and other social or personal problems can be diluted by visiting places of worship. He insists that guidance, leadership and solace can be found within the church. Indeed, Feuerbach argued that the church was used by the government as state apparatus to control society (Hughes et al, 1995 pp. 29-30). Marx took these points onboard and rather than relate them to religion, embraced it to include the notion that alienation was an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism, thus leading to alienated labour. For Hegel, human thoughts were continuously developing and advancing throughout history, thus providing a more knowledge and rational understanding of society (Hughes et al, 1995, pp. 25-26). Unlike, Marx, who states materialism and economic power, shapes our thinking, Hegel insists it is the other way round and that mind shapes matter. In other words, our knowledge shapes the need and inventiveness needed to shape future materials. Historically, according to Hegel, by exploring previous economic processes, then the material base on which societies, institutions and ideas are built are in evidence due to rational logic and natural progression. Marx however, disagrees with this theory. He believes that such abstract ideas did not exist and therefore provided limited explanations relating to the social world. The true nature of human experience therefore and life were totally under emphasised. His theory of historical materialism was constructed further in future writings. ‘The first historical act is . . . the production of material life itself. This is indeed a historical act, a fundamental condition of all of history’ (Marx Engels, 1976). His many writings, which spanned four decades, underpin what has become known as Marxist theory and are used to develop our understanding of many areas relating to social life (Abercrombie et al, 2000). However, Marxist theory is primarily based around the class conflict of the bourgeoisie, i. . ruling class who own the mode of production and the exploitation of the proletariat, i. e. working class who are forced into selling their labour. The 3 stages relating to the industrial revolution have led to his alienation theory being supported by many sociologists. First came the agricultural revolution (1700-1800), followed by the industrial revolution (1800-1950). The final stage of these phenomena was the service revolution from the 1950s to the present day. Economic and surplus values are at the heart of Marxist theory. For Marx, alienation is an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism and results in alienated labour. The main use of Marx’s theory relating to this concept is in relation to the form of labour in any given capitalist society. However, he also talks of ‘alienation’ in the sphere of social and economic relations (Turner, 1999) Marx argues that humans are denied their basic natural essence, and as such was only realised in their labour. This allowed for a creative activity which was carried out in unison with others. Marx was of the opinion that people transformed a world outside themselves. Now the processes relating to production were one of ‘objectification’. By this he means that man now produces material objects that embody human creativity, yet leaves them feeling detached and separated from the creator. Once the product is objectified, man no longer recognises himself in the product and autonomous manufacturing techniques leave him feeling alienated. Within capitalist societies Marx identified four levels of separation resulting in the concept of alienation. 1) Within a capitalist society the worker has no control over the fate of their production, therefore alienating them from the results of their labour. Although having been involved actively in the production of such commodities the worker is left feeling subdued, unattached and emotionally removed from the end product. This is now controlled by others, and as increased production multiplies, so does the division and separ ation of the labour process. (2) The worker is alienated from the act of production. For Marx, no individual satisfaction is achieved as the worker’s own creativity is alienated from production. Furthermore, external constraints forced upon the worker removes any attachment from the’ fruits of their labour’ and in doing so, the product ceases to be an end in itself with work becoming merely a commodity. To the worker, the saleability of the product is their only concern. (3) The worker is alienated from their ‘specific being’ or human nature. Marx states that the individual’s human qualities are deprived. This is due to the first two levels of alienation, as outlined above, reducing the workers creative production activities and thus removing themselves from their natural self being and converting them into social animals. 4) The worker is separated from other humans. The emergence of capitalism has transformed human social relations into market relations. According to Marx, people are now judged, not be their human qualities and attributes but rather by their position within the market (Giddens, 1970). For example the separation of labour i s also the separation of man from man in relation to class conflict and competition and also lends theory to their alienation of the products of their labour. Capital itself can also be seen as a source of alienation because its accumulation generates its own needs which reduce people to the level of commodities (Haralambos, 1998). The above four levels of separation and alienation of man is intrinsically linked and can be used to identify phenomena in regards to any society. Many pro-capitalist economists agree with Marx’s theory that all humans are treated as commodities that can be rented and that everything can be traded for monies. For Marx, this ensures that the gap between rich and poor widens, with both lasses pushing in opposite direction. However, he attacks other economists’ interpretations of the causes of capitalism and believes that they do not distinguish between both capitalists and the workers. Marx argues that competition is seen as an enforcement mechanism of the capitalist’s mode of production (Reiss, 1997). According to Marx, as all aspects of feudalism are connected, then so too are all aspects re lating to capitalism. He is quoted as saying, ’’the worker becomes the poorer the more wealth he produces’’ (Marx, 1976). In other words, as the worker increases production, this only enriches their bosses whilst they still remain poor. Capitalist economists however, view each aspect of feudalism as an accidental corruption in relation to capitalism. Marx also explores the historical development of alienation and its intrinsic link to the division of labour. As society changes and tribes and villages continue to expand, so too does the division of labour (Rius, 1996). For society to survive trade and exchange must occur. This leads to more growth in exchangeable goods which in turn leads to an upsurge in use-value and exchange-value commodities. When considering use-value, this relates to how in demand a commodity may be of use to the individual. However, exchange-value relates to what commodities can be traded for other objects. For Marx, commodity fetishism has attributed to the alienation of man from the fruits of their labour (cowling, 1989). There are many examples of alienation in today’s society. The term Fordism originates from Henry Ford and the techniques he initiated to instil mass production. Indeed, his ideas and practices are still dominant in today’s society and are at the forefront of all technological mass production facilities and businesses. To enable production on such a large scale, Ford redesigned the whole manufacturing capabilities of his workforce. Unlike industrialists of the nineteenth century where skilled labour and handmade crafts were a necessity in the making of goods, Ford recognised an ability to mass produce by giving individuals a particular task in relation to their labour duties. This would be made possible by re-designing all machines to carry out one specific purpose, rather than numerous functions (Watson, 2003). As such, there was now no need for skilled persons in which to operate machines. Individuals were now taught how to use particular machines which they would now carry out monotonously for the rest of their employment. This de-skilling technique ensured minimum waste and maximum output as the machine only had one way in which to operate. Ford realised that once you standardise the design of the car, you can standardise the whole production system. Thus, with the standardisation of machinery producing standardised parts, it now allowed for mass reproduction as all parts are identical therefore interchangeable. Although production of Fords automobiles had increased rapidly, the initiation of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s (1856-1915) scientific management system would ensure mass production on an even larger scale. Taylor was the man who introduced ‘time and motion’ studies to the workplace. He carried out an experiment on a pig iron gang at work. By observing their working habits, Taylor was able to redesign their work pattern. Like Ford, his task was to break a job down into standardised parts. He initially listed a set of rules to which the workers must comply to and then instructed them when to start, walk, lift and stop. Once the experiment was complete Taylor found that their productive output had increased by 400%. Taylor’s results would now allow for managers to command instructions to staff who would carry out tasks they specifically assigned to. This would undoubtedly lead to a separation of labour and also man’s alienation from man, as people who had previously worked side by side where now given specific tasks (Hughes et al, 1995). Ford would eventually instil Taylor’s scientific management technique into his workplace to generate even more productivity. To do this Ford introduced the assembly line. Before this point, many of his employees worked unsupervised and at their own pace. However, with the emergence of assembly lines, workers now had to work in unison with the speed of the production line, and not that of the individual. This technique has greatly enhanced fords production levels and as such, Fords’ automobile plant in River Rouge USA, is now the largest in the world. By the 1990s over 10,000 people were employed there and over 90,000 cars and trucks were being produced each year (Watson, 2003). . Other examples which support Marx’s theory on alienation include multi-national companies such as McDonalds and Burger King, who epitomise our need for fast food productivity and back up his argument of commodity fetishism. Regardless of which outlet of McDonalds visited, the consumer will receive identical foodstuff and levels of service due to the standardisation of the product (Huczynski, 1991). Also, such companies are immediately recognisable due their uniforms and company logo. Mass reproduction is applied to give the consumer a standardised food source which consists of various items such as burger, bun, relish and tomato. A time scale is also in place and many of the products on offer are controlled by a timer which goes off when certain items such as French fries and burgers are deemed ready. The main objective is to get the product to the consumer as quickly as possible with the minimum fuss. This is made possible by the way each McDonalds’ outlet is designed. By using both Fordism and Taylorist techniques workers can produce vast amounts of food that can then be passed onto the consumer within seconds. Marx’s concept of alienation is evident here as there is no need for skilled workers such as cooks and chefs to be employed due to the nature and resulting end product of such businesses (Huczynski, 1991). A critique of Marxist theory would be to suggest that if alienation is produced and enacted by humans, then surely they also have the ability to change and reverse it. It is also contradictory as individuals opinions of alienation differ in relation to each person’s objective situation and consciousness. Although it cannot be denied that workers within capitalist societies do contribute to the common wealth as stated by Marx, the emergence of flexi-time, paid holidays and overtime empowers the worker and enables them to generate extra sums of money for themselves (Watson, 2003). Also, working for someone else may perhaps lessen the burden experienced by others, such as those who own small businesses. It is easy to engage Marx’s suggestion that workers lack rights, and there is much evidence to support this with the emergence of sweatshops and low paid immigrant workers (Rattansi, 1982). However, trade unions play a significant part in readdressing these issues by way of fair representation. Many jobs available to the masses today, do in fact, alienate workers and help establish capitalist theories, but humans have the freedom to change jobs or start their own businesses and trade unions are also in place to protect and represent employees (Giddens, 1971) His ideologies can also be construed as outdated as most of his concepts and terminologies are from over 100 years ago. Man may have been separated by man in relation to labour over centuries, but although this may be true in some aspects, technology and working conditions have rapidly improved over the same period. We also have the ability to influence each other rather than work in isolation. It appears that his concepts of alienation, although significant in his earlier political works and in lending credibility to research at that particular time, are rarely given a second thought in his later writings. For this reason it could be argued that Marx no longer held the opinion that the alienation of man and the collapse of capitalism was a foregone conclusion. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abercrombie, N. Hill, S and Turner, B. (2000) Dictionary of Sociology Penguin Book Cowling, M Wilde, L. (1989) Approaches to Marx, Open University Press Giddens, A. (1971) Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, C. U. P. Giddens, A. (1970) Marx, Weber and the development of capitalism Haralambos, M. (1986) Sociology – a new approach, Causeway Press Ltd Huczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (1991) Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall Hughes, J. A. , Martin, P. J. , Sharrock, W. W. (1995) Understanding Classical Sociology, London: Sage Macintosh, I. (1997) Classical Sociological Theory. Edinburgh University Press Marx, K. , Engels, F. (1976 [1845-46]) the German Ideology, Part 1 London: Lawrence Wishart. Rius, E. (1996) Introducing Marx, Icon Books Turner B, (1999). Classical sociology. 1st ed. Uk: Sage. Watson, Tony J. (2003) Sociology, Work and Industry Routledge How to cite Discuss Marxist’ Theory of Alienation, Essay examples

History of the Tibetan Genocide Essay Example For Students

History of the Tibetan Genocide Essay For 48 years, China has occupied Tibet. In Tibets history, there has been over 17 percent of the Tibetan people killed, and 6,000 monasteries ruined. For starters, Tibet was never part of China. During the first few years when China was in control of Tibet, the Chinese declared that Tibet should be part of China, because an Emperor of Tibet once married a Chinese princess. Years later, the Chinese said that Tibet was part of China because of the warrior Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan and the Mongolians were in control of Tibet, but they never made Tibet belong to China. Secondly, the Tibetan people and the Chinese are totally different, culturally and socially speaking. Both peoples have their own culture, way of life, and religion. Of course the language is very diverse, too. Tibet had their own government before the Chinese took over. It was led by His Royal Highness, the Dalai Lama. Before the Chinese came in and took over Tibet, Tibet had nothing to do with China. The Chinese invaded Tibet in July of 1949. They caused many disasters and much sadness to the Tibetan people. Today Tibet is nothing but a prison. The Chinese continually spy on the Tibetan people. Seventeen percent of the Tibetan population was killed. Many Chinese forcibly removed Tibetans out of their homes at any time, day or night, and sometimes these people were thrown into prison. These people also were often killed for no reason. Ever since the Chinese have taken over the Tibetan people, there have been over 1 millon people killed. There were 6 million Tibetans living in Tibet before the Chinese came and took over the country. In the capital of Tibet, Lhasa, the natives of Tibet are being rid of by the Chinese; the Chinese are filling up Lhasa with Chinese people and the Chinese want to make Tibet throughly Chinese. Today, the Tibetan people are a minority in their own country! All the better jobs go to the Chinese people living in Tibet. The Tibetan people cannot find jobs for themselves, the best job sometimes they can get is to become a truck driver. What the Chinese are really doing is committing against the Tibetan people, a cultural and religious genocide. The culture of Tibet is based on Bons ancient beliefs, and also on Buddhism from India. The Tibetans take the best of the two religions, and their entire culture is based on that. But now the Chinese have gotten rid of the beautiful Tibetan artifacts, and turned them into museums, for tourists only. The Dalai Lama is always trying to make contact with the Chinese, but they keep the door to peace talks closed. Some time ago, the Dalai Lama said: All the 6 million Tibetans should be on the list of endangered species. This struggle is my first responsibility. (Dalai Lama: http://www.meaus.com/Tibet_-Give_Us_Liberty.html) There are people all over the world who feel sincere solidarity with the courageous people of Tibet, and wish them success in their long, truly heroic struggle for liberty and peace. .